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Cardinal Vicar
Cardinal Vicar ((イタリア語:Cardinale Vicario)) is a title commonly given to the vicar general of the Diocese of Rome for the portion of the diocese within Italy. The official title, as given in the Annuario Pontificio (under the heading "Vicariate of Rome"), is "Vicar General of His Holiness".〔Annuario Pontificio 2012, p. 1377〕 The Bishop of Rome appoints the Cardinal Vicar with ordinary power to help with the spiritual administration of his diocese. Although canon law requires all Catholic dioceses to have one or more vicars general,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1O.HTM )〕 the Cardinal Vicar functions more so than the others as a ''de facto'' diocesan bishop due to the Pope's many other responsibilities. There is a similar position dealing with the spiritual needs of the Vatican City called the Vicar General for the Vatican City State, or more exactly, Vicar General of His Holiness for Vatican City.〔Annuario Pontificio 2008, p. 1386〕 He too is a cardinal.
==Establishment==
It seems certain that in the twelfth century vicars were named only when the pope absented himself for a long time from Rome or its neighbourhood.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cardinal Vicar )〕 When he returned, the vicar's duties ceased. This may have lasted to the pontificate of Pope Innocent IV (1243–54); on the other hand it is certain that in the latter half of the thirteenth century the vicar continued to exercise the duties of his office even during the presence of the pope at Rome. Thus the nomination of a vicar on 28 April 1299, is dated from the Lateran. The office owes its full development to the removal of the Roman Curia to Southern France and its final settlement at Avignon. Since then the list of vicars is continuous.
The oldest commissions do not specify any period of duration; in the Bull of 16 June 1307, it is said for the first time that the office is held "at our good will". It is only in the sixteenth century that we meet with life-tenures; the exact year of this important modification remains yet to be fixed. Formerly the nomination was by Bull; when began the custom of nominating by Brief is difficult to determine. The oldest Bull of nomination known bears the date of 13 February 1264.〔Reg. Vat., tom. 28, fol. XC r, cap. XXXVIII (356); Guiraud, Les régistres d'Urbain IV, II, 359〕
An immemorial custom of the Curia demands that all its officials shall be duly sworn in, and this was the case with the vicars. In all probability during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries such oaths were taken at the hands of the pope himself. Later the duty fell to the Apostolic Camera. The oath, whose text (though very much older) first appears in a document of 21 May 1427,〔Armar., 29, tom. 3, fol. 194 v, Vatican Archives〕 greatly resembles, in its first part, the usual episcopal oath;〔Corp. Jur. Can., ed. Friedbe, II, 360; Tangl, Die päpstlichen Kanzleiordnungen von 1200–1500, p. 51〕 while the latter part applies to the office in question. The oath is conceived in very general terms and lays but slight stress on the special duties of the vicar. The official named on 18 October 1412, as representative of the vicar was also sworn in, and before entering on his office was admonished to take, in presence of a specified cardinal, the usual oath of fidelity to the pope and of a faithful exercise of the office.
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